Common bases include carrageenan, polyacrylamide, and glycerin. Popular actives are caffeine (for de-puffing), sodium hyaluronate (hydration), niacinamide (brightening), peptides (firming), and collagen hydrolysate. Preservative systems typically use phenoxyethanol plus ethylhexylglycerin to meet EU Cosmetics Regulation limits and achieve a 24-month shelf life.
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